As an initial matter, I recommend that you only buy the
hardback edition. Don't even think of downloading it in electronic form. This is a gloriously handsome book with with
far more color (excuse me, colour) plates and maps than in similar works. For
example, it includes Lady Elizabeth Butler's "Scotland Forever" (see
wikimedia/wikipedia link), though Cornwell explains it is inaccurate.
Such "Saxon Tales" storytelling of a Napoleonic
battle isn't for everyone; it is marred upon occasion by over-dramatic
storytelling hardly necessary for the most consequential land battle of the
first half of the 19th Century (and perhaps the entire Century). I have a feeling this book will annoy more
knowledgeable readers, but it is a good basic introduction, and a wonderful
reference for those of us old enough to have bookcases.
My prior familiarity with Waterloo came in two or three
biographies of Napoleon. So I'll have to read another to see whether the
pattycake approach obscured fact. For me, the key insight was Cornwell's
"scissors, paper, stone" analogy ("rock, paper, scissors"
in North America) to Napoleonic land warfare: cavalry could attack infantry,
whose defense was the square, which was vulnerable to artillery--but to win,
the timing of the attack had to be perfect. Napoleon's and Marshal Ney's
wasn't.
"They had expected a swift victory over the ragged
armies of Revolutionary France, but instead they sparked a world war which saw
both Washington and Moscow burned."
"A few weeks before Waterloo[, the Duke of Wellington]
was walking in a Brussels park with Thomas Creevey, a British parliamentarian,
who rather anxiously asked the Duke about the expected campaign. A red-coated
British infantryman was staring at the park's statues and the Duke pointed at
the man. 'There', he said, 'there. It all depends upon that article whether we
do the business or not. Give me enough of it, and I am sure.'"
French officer Captain Pierre Cardon was summoned along with
all the infantry regiment. The stood in two ranks "asking each other what
was going on? What was there? In the end we were filled with worry. [Then, his
Colonel appeared] holding in his hands, what? You would not guess in a hundred
years. . . Our eagle, under which we had marched so many times to victory and
which the brave Colonel had hidden inside the mattress of his bed. . . . At the
sight of the cherished standard cries of 'Vive l'Empereur' could be heard;
soldiers and officers, all overwhelmed, wanted not only to see, but to embrace
and touch it; this incident made every eye flow with tears of emotion… we have
promised to die beneath our eagle for the country and Napoleon."
Napoleon believed he could push the Prussians around, then turn
his attack to the British. It was all going to plan and the Emperor would take
breakfast in Brussels's Laeken Palace on Saturday morning.
“Except Ney had still not captured Quatre-Bras."
Alarmed, the Emperor delayed the attack until he discovers the
identity of these newly arrived troops. They turn out to be his own men, but in
the wrong place, “so a messenger rides to d'Erlon ordering him to turn
northwards and assault the Prussian flanks, but just then yet another courier
arrives, this one from Marshal Ney, demanding that d'Erlon return to
Quatre-Bras immediately.”
Facing two conflicting orders, D'Erlon assumes that Ney is
in the more dire straits, so turns his Corps around and retraces his steps for
Quatre-Bras. The Emperor launches his great attack, but by the time he realizes
d'Erlon is not engaged, the 1st Corps has vanished. Many say Waterloo was lost because 22,000 men spent Friday marching between two
battlefields and helping neither. D'Erlon “could have swung either the battle
at Ligny or the fighting at Quatre-Bras, had achieved nothing. It is the French
equivalent of the Grand Old Duke of York, except d'Erlon spent his day halfway
between two fights, neither up nor down, and his prevarication denied Napoleon
the crushing victory he expected."
"[The Duke of Wellington] was not loved as Blücher was,
nor worshipped like Napoleon, but he was respected. He could be sharply witty;
long after the wars were over, some French officers pointedly turned their
backs on him in Paris, for which rudeness a woman apologized. 'Don't worry,
Madame,' the Duke said, 'I've seen their backs before.'"
At Hougoumont, Macdonell, saved the Allied right flank by
realizing that killing Legros, the French Sous-Lieutenant who axed-open the
door to that house, was irrelevant. The
key to the fighting was to shut the gate, denying entry to any more of the
French. So he and a small group bypassed
Legros and his men and forced the huge gates shut. The heaved against the pressure from outside
while Legros tried to kill them inside.
“Wellington once remarked that closing the gates [at
Hougoumont] was the decisive act of battle and, later, when an eccentric
clergyman wanted to arrange an annuity for 'the bravest man at Waterloo' and
requested the Duke to make such a difficult judgement, Wellington chose
Macdonnell. Macdonnell, in turn, insisted on sharing the money with Sergeant
James Graham, an Irishman who had been at his side in those decisive moments,
the pair did receive the annuity for two years before the generous clergyman
lost his money, but it is significant that Wellington, forced to make a
decision, nominated Macdonnell and, by association, Graham."
At his point, Napoleon now faces a dilemma. Wellington's
army is in front of him, and he knows a heavy force of Prussians was
approaching to his right. The two,
together, greatly outnumber him. Yet he
still thought he could defeat them in detail.
“This morning we had ninety chances of winning,' the Emperor told Soult,
'we still have sixty."
French cavalry climbed the crest of the ridge, and they may
have thought victory was imminent—bodies lay everywhere, and an enormous
baggage train was heading toward the rear.
But then redcoats popped up from below the military crest of the ridge –
a Wellington favorite – and formed square.
This was almost perfect protection from cavalry, but vulnerable to
French infantry volleys. Scissors,
paper, stone.
“The British were not running away. Wellington was not
disengaging and trying to withdraw his forces. Yes there were men and wagons on
the road, but most of the British-Dutch army was still on the ridge and they
were ready to fight. . . So it was horsemen against Infantry, and every
cavalryman must have known what Captain Duthilt had written, that 'it is
difficult, if not impossible, for the best cavalry to break infantry who are
formed in squares', so while at first the cavalrymen seemed to have pierced the
British-Dutch line, instead they were faced with the worst obstacle a horseman
could encounter. The wide plateau of the ridge top was packed with squares, at
least twenty of them, in a rough chequer pattern so that if a horseman rode
safely past one square he was immediately faced with another, and then
encountered more beyond. And each square
bristled with bayonets and spat musket fire.”
And then the British cavalry joined the battle.
"[T]hat was the great disadvantage of the formation the
French had chosen to use. A column made of successive battalions in line looked
magnificent and, given the chance, might have spread into a formidable line to
give devastating volley fire, but it would take a battalion in a three-rank
line a lot of time to form square, and they would be hammered by the battalions
in front and behind while they did. There was neither space nor time to form
square. Major Frederick Clarke, who charged with the Scotland Greys, reckons
the enemy was trying to form square, but 'the first and nearest square had not
time to complete their formation, and the Greys charged through it.' So the
British heavy cavalry drove into the panicking columns and [Louis] Canler tells
what happened: ' A real carnage followed. Everyone was separated from his
comrades and fought for his own life. Sabers and bayonets slashed at the
shaking flesh for we were too close packed to use our firearms.' . . .There was
no time to form square, so his unit was cut to ribbons."
Artillery could have smashed the British squares, had Ney
managed to bring more guns close to the line, or deployed French infantry. “That was the scissors, paper and stone
reality of Napoleonic warfare. If you could force an enemy to form a square you
could bring a line of infantry against it and overwhelm it with musket fire,
and very late in the afternoon Marshal Ney at last tried that tactic, ordering
8,000 infantry to attack the British squares. . . Their task was to deploy into
line and then smother the British squares with musketry, but the British would
only be in square if the cavalry threatened and the French cavalry was
exhausted. They had charged again and again, they had shown extraordinary
courage and too many of them were now dead on the hillside. There was no charge
left in them."
Eight thousand men were defeated at best, dead at worst, in
minutes. The French fled down the
slope, away from Waterloo, bypassing dying men and horses, and grounds littered
withed discarded cavalry swords, scabbards and breastplates. And blood.
After that, the famous French "Imperial
Guard” tried its turn, but also was too late.
The charged straight up the center of the hill, to win or die.
"Wellington rode back towards the centre of his line.
Leeks had seen him just before the 52nd marched out of line to destroy and
Emperor's dreams. The Duke's clothes, Leeke said, 'consisted of a blue surtout
coat, white kerseymere pantaloons, and Hessian boots. He wore a sword with a
waist belt, but no sash.' The plain blue coat and black cocked hat made Wellington
instantly recognizable to his men, and now, as the French began to flee, he
watched from the ridge's centre for a few moments. He saw an enemy in panic, a
retreating enemy that was dissolving into chaos. He watched them, then was
heard to mutter, 'In for a penny, in for a pound'. He took off his cocked hat
and men say that just then a slanting ray of evening sunlight came through the
clouds to illuminate him on the ridge he had defended all day. He waved the hat
towards the enemy. He waved it three times, and it was a signal for the whole
allied army to advance."
Waterloo was an allied victory. Wellington would never have stood
his ground had he not thought the Prussians would appear at his left wing.
Blücher would never have marched over rock and stream had he thought Wellington
would cut and run. True, the Prussians were
late to the party, but that turned out well for the Allies, fooling Napoleon
into believing he could defeat each army in detail. As it turned out, when the Allied forces
joined, “The Emperor was not just defeated, he was routed."
"An easier question to answer than 'who won the
battle?' Is 'who lost the battle?', and the answer must be Napoleon. The Duke
and Blücher both offered leadership, but Napoleon left the conduct of the battle
to Marshal Ney, who, though braver than most men, did little more than hurl
troops against the most skillful defensive general of the age. The French had
the time and the men to break Wellington's line, but they failed, partly
because the Duke defended so cleverly, and partly because the French never
coordinated an all-arms assault on the allied line. They delayed the start of
the battle on a day when Wellington was praying for time. They wasted men in a
time-consuming assault that lasted much of the afternoon. And why Napoleon
entrusted the battle's conduct to Ney is a mystery; Ney was certainly brave,
but the Emperor damned him as 'too stupid to be able to succeed', so why rely
on him? And, when the French did achieve their one great success, the capture
of La Haie Sainte, which enabled them to occupy the forward slope of
Wellington's ridge, the Emperor refused to reinforce the centre and so gave the
Duke time to bring up his own reinforcements. Finally, when the Imperial Guard
did attack, it was too few and too late, and by that time, the Prussians were
on the French flank and threatening their rear."
That’s Corrwell’s story of Waterloo—Rock, Paper,
Scissors. And timing. This is no book for a Napoleonic expert. But an excellent start for anyone wanting to
dip a toe into the end of the last great French vs. Britain war.
